Text Type - Procedural Text

Purpose
The purpose is to tell the reader how to do or make something.
The information is presented in a logical sequence of events which is broken up into small sequenced steps. These texts are usually written in the present tense.
The most common example of a procedural text is a recipe.

Types of Procedural Texts
There are different procedural texts for different purposes:-
Texts that explain how something works or how to use instruction /operation manuals eg how to use the video, the computer, the tape recorder, the photocopier, the fax.
Texts that instruct how to do a particular activity eg recipes, rules for games, science experiments, road safety rules.
Texts that deal with human behaviour eg how to live happily, how to succeed.

Features
Structure
Goal - clearly stated (often in the heading)
Materials - listed in order of use
Method - the steps are chronological and are numbered or listed
Each type of procedural text has a format.
Recipes usually have the information presented in at least two basic groups: ingredients and method.
Games instructions usually include instructions on how to play, rules of the game, method of scoring, and the number of players.
Scientific experiments usually include the purpose of the experiment, equipment, procedure, observations and conclusion.

Language
The text usually:
- focuses on generalised people rather than individuals (first you take, rather than first I take)
the reader is often referred to in a general way, ie. pronouns (you or one)
- action verbs (imperative verbs), (cut, fold, twist, hold etc)
- simple present tense (you cut, you fold, you mix)
- linking words to do with time (first, when, then) are used to connect the text
- detailed information on how (carefully, with the scissors); where (from the top); when (after it has set)
- detailed factual description (shape, size, colour, amount)

The A-Star Song :)

to those who did not get an A-Star, this song is for you :)

PS: Actually the song has nothign to do with 'A-Star's but if there's ever an A-Star song, then this will be it :)

Phrasal Verbs

Definition
In the English language, a phrasal verb is a verb combined with a preposition, an adverb, or an adverbial particle.

Phrasal verbs and use of prepositions are predominantly assessed in both English Booklet A (Grammar) and Booklet B (Grammar Cloze, Editing).

Check out the following links and find out whether you know all the meaning of the phrasal verbs. If not, then it's time to learn :)

::Links::
http://www.eslcafe.com/pv.cgi
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/esl/eslphrasal.html
http://www.englishpage.com/prepositions/phrasaldictionary.html

Final Design!

The MasterPiece :)

A Logo for Cambodia Trip Part II

my Flash 8 workspace where I used vector art to design the official logo

As you can see I designed two logos side-by-side since I need to seek approval from the CIP committee. That's the tough part of designing. You may think that your designs are good but if the latter are rejected, then it is back to the drawing board.

Anyway, both these earlier designs were rejected. The left design looks like sand dunes and the one on the right looks like outline of skyscrapers. So will my design ever be approved? Will Mr Danny give up? Stay tune for the last and final entry of the Logo Design saga :)

A Logo for Cambodia Trip Part I

Recently, Mr Danny's been assigned to design an official logo for YTPS 1st external CIP trip to Cambodia with the P5 this coming September '07. So with whatever free time that I have, I have been committed to designing the best logo that I know how.

To design the logo, I needed an inspiration. What better representation for Cambodia than UNESCO's World Heritage Site;- the Angkor Watt. The Angkor Watt is a large ancient complex consisting of over one thousand temples, ranging in scale from nondescript piles of brick rubble scattered through rice fields to the magnificent Angkor Wat, said to be the world's largest single religious monument. Many of the temples at Angkor have been restored, and together they comprise the most significant site of Khmer architecture.
(It is of key interest to note that the movies Tomb Raider and Mortal Combat 1 were shot on location at Angkor Watt. The Angkor Watt is deemed to be so important that even the flag of Cambodia has a picture of Angkor Watt!)

So I had to browse the net for a nice picture of the Angkor which will provide me the inspiration behind my design.
After a few tries, I finally found what I was looking for;-

Though I've designed some logos over the years, most, if not all my designs are graphic intensive. This time I've decided to use vector art to design the logo and I used Macromedia Flash 8 as my design platform.

Good Luck For the Exams!

The best of luck in your exams my fellow pupils. Don't get too stress out for you know what comes after the exams right? That's right! The holidays are near :)

Stay focus and just do it!

PS: Hope you enjoy the comics above :)